發(fā)布時間:2023-03-13 11:17:36
序言:寫作是分享個人見解和探索未知領(lǐng)域的橋梁,我們?yōu)槟x了8篇的盤點制度樣本,期待這些樣本能夠為您提供豐富的參考和啟發(fā),請盡情閱讀。
一、目的:
制定合理的盤點管理流程,以確保公司庫存物料盤點的正確性,達(dá)到倉庫物料有效管理和公司財產(chǎn)有效管理的目的
二、適用范圍及盤點頻次
本辦法適用于物流部倉庫的盤點。盤點分為定期盤點、不定期盤點、日盤點。定期盤點分為年度盤點、假期盤點;不定期盤點按公司要求和出現(xiàn)帳務(wù)異常情況下組織盤點、日盤點是對貴重物與成品的盤點。
三、盤點采用方式:
倉庫盤點采用實地盤存制,禁止目測數(shù)量、估計數(shù)量;
四、職責(zé)
1、物流部負(fù)責(zé)盤點準(zhǔn)備工作,確定到貨入庫及供貨清單出庫的賬務(wù)處理。
2、物流部負(fù)責(zé)盤點工作的具體實施,對盤點過程中出現(xiàn)的差異分析原因,提出改進(jìn)措施。
3、財務(wù)部負(fù)責(zé)盤點通知、對盤點過程的監(jiān)督及結(jié)果進(jìn)行檢查、匯總與審核。
五、工作紀(jì)律:
1、一旦盤點時間確定,無總經(jīng)理指示等特殊情況,不得更改;
2、月末盤點現(xiàn)場必須有一名財務(wù)人員與一名倉庫負(fù)責(zé)人在場;
3、盤點期間,不能有任何私人電話與事務(wù)耽擱工作;
4、物流部負(fù)責(zé)人應(yīng)及時分配盤點工作,對盤點結(jié)果,負(fù)全部責(zé)任。
5、如有違反上述規(guī)定,違規(guī)者罰款50元
六、工作流程:
1)盤點工作準(zhǔn)備:
1、盤點之前,倉庫保管員首先應(yīng)做好預(yù)盤工作,盤點前應(yīng)及時追回已領(lǐng)料但未填領(lǐng)料單的貨物,應(yīng)讓領(lǐng)料者在盤點前一天將相關(guān)單據(jù)補齊關(guān)并入到系統(tǒng)里;
2、盤點前需要將所有能入庫歸位的物料全部歸位入庫登帳,不能歸位入庫或未登帳的進(jìn)行特殊標(biāo)示注明不參加本次盤點;對倉庫進(jìn)行整理,清理出藏在死角的物料;
3、將倉庫所有物料進(jìn)行整理整頓標(biāo)示。同一物料儲位不能放超過2米遠(yuǎn)的距離,且同一貨架的物料不能放在另一貨架上;
4、盤點前倉庫帳務(wù)需要全部處理完畢;
5、確定帳卡物一致:核對物料,確保物料、卡與貨位三者一致。
2)盤點庫存流程:
1、每月月尾按規(guī)定時間上午8.30開始盤點,倉庫停止一切收、發(fā)、移動等操作,各部門應(yīng)全力配合盤點工作;
2、倉庫主管主要協(xié)調(diào)倉庫具體盤點、搬運工作;
3、倉庫、財務(wù)部分別指定一個倉庫盤點負(fù)責(zé)人及盤點監(jiān)督人,要求每一個倉庫都有相應(yīng)的盤點人和財務(wù)復(fù)核人員,由財務(wù)人員監(jiān)督倉庫盤點人的盤點工作;
4、倉庫保管員應(yīng)將盤點單發(fā)放到每一個盤點倉庫的盤點人員及監(jiān)盤人手上;
5、實施盤點,由盤點人與搬運人員進(jìn)行盤點,財務(wù)人員復(fù)核與監(jiān)督;
6、財務(wù)部收取所有的盤點清單,要求所有清單連號,沒有遺漏,并進(jìn)行匯總。
七、盤點差異處理:
1、財務(wù)對盤點結(jié)果進(jìn)行對比差異,數(shù)據(jù)如有差異,重新確認(rèn)盤點區(qū)域由倉庫對差異項目進(jìn)行復(fù)盤,檢查是否存在漏盤、錯盤現(xiàn)象并重新計算;對未入賬的重新入賬;
2、財務(wù)再次對復(fù)盤結(jié)果進(jìn)行匯總,并與庫存帳比較差異。
3、盤點差異的原因有錯盤、漏盤、計算錯誤;異常退貨,并且未入賬;待查明原因,進(jìn)行分析差異原因,作詳細(xì)書面報告,同時提出差異調(diào)整申請。
4、財務(wù)經(jīng)理及總經(jīng)理對差異調(diào)查報告及差異調(diào)整申請進(jìn)行審批。
5、倉庫根據(jù)審批情況作庫存差異調(diào)整。
6、財務(wù)部根據(jù)審批情況作庫存財務(wù)帳差異調(diào)整
八、盤點結(jié)果處理:
1、庫管員須配合財務(wù)部的定期盤點工作,并在盤點后2日內(nèi)將核對準(zhǔn)確的臺賬上交財務(wù),如有延后部門負(fù)責(zé)人罰款20元。
2、月末盤點,原材料根據(jù)庫存類別分為ABC類,A類物資不予出現(xiàn)差異,如有差異,倉庫保管員應(yīng)先進(jìn)行自查,查無結(jié)果,由部門負(fù)責(zé)人根據(jù)采購價按全額賠款60%,倉庫保管員根據(jù)采購價按全額賠款40%。B類物資盤點差錯率應(yīng)為1%以下,超過1%到5%內(nèi)的差錯率將對倉庫負(fù)責(zé)人與物流部負(fù)責(zé)人進(jìn)行績效扣分,C類物資盤占差錯率應(yīng)為2%,超過2%到5%內(nèi)的差錯率將對倉庫負(fù)責(zé)人與物流部負(fù)責(zé)人進(jìn)行績效扣分,超過5%差錯率的將對超出部分做核算由倉庫負(fù)責(zé)人承擔(dān)。
(盤點差錯率=盤點差錯的數(shù)量/盤點總數(shù)量)
3、成本庫不允許出現(xiàn)盤盈虧,如實有盤盈與盤虧現(xiàn)象存在,將對倉庫負(fù)責(zé)人與物流部負(fù)責(zé)人根據(jù)盤盈與盤虧營銷價的差額進(jìn)行扣款。
財務(wù)部
—
一、重點單詞
1. earn2. respect3. devote4. average
5. experience6. struggle7. donate8. exchange
9. inform10. run11. approve12. diet
13. charge14. figure15. recover16. forbid17. affect18. deserve19. tolerate
20. insist21. risk22. recognize23. loss
24. suggest
二、重點單詞講解
1. patience
【命題角度】 n. [U] 耐心with patience耐心地;have patience忍耐一下;have no patience with不能容忍;patient adj.有耐心的;n. 病人
【考題鏈接】 Whenever I made mistakes, the teacher pointed them out with . (2013江西卷22)
A. curiosityB. satisfaction
C. envyD. patience
2. damage
【命題角度】 n. [U];[pl.] 賠償費;v. damage ones health“損壞健康”;damage ones good name“破壞名聲”;do damage to“使……受到傷害”;suffer (great) damage from“受到……損壞”以及與injury, wound, harm和ruin辨析。
【考題鏈接】 The accident caused some to my car, but its nothing serious. (2013遼寧卷23)
A. harmB. injury
C. ruinD. damage
3. run
【命題角度】 run一詞多性,一詞多意以及短語辨析。
【考題鏈接】 ―OK, Ive had enough of it. I give up. (2012江蘇卷26)
―You cant your responsibilities.
A. run off withB. run up against
C. run out ofD. run away from
4. keep
【命題角度】 keep + 賓語+賓語補足語 (形容詞 / 名詞 / 介詞短語 / 現(xiàn)在分詞 / 過去分詞)
【考題鏈接】 Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself of his own dreams. (2011重慶卷33)
A. remindingB. to remind
C. remindedD. remind
5. average
【命題角度】 adj.; n.; v. an average of...; above / below average; on average
【考題鏈接】 Last year the number of students who graduated with a driving licence reached 200,000, a(n) of 40,000 per year. (2010 江西卷35)
A. averageB. number
C. amountD. quantity
6. prepare
【命題角度】 prepare, prepare for, make preparations for, get ready for的異同以及非謂語動詞用法比較。
【考題鏈接】 At the time, all the graduating students were sitting in the classroom the coming tests.
A. prepared
B. made preparations for
C. preparing for
D. got ready for
7. charge
【命題角度】 in charge of, in the charge of及take charge of。
【考題鏈接】 Who will the exploration when the expert is on business?
A. in charge ofB. take the charge of
C. take charge ofD. in the charge of
8. suggest
【命題角度】 suggest表“暗示、表明、說明”時,不用虛擬語氣;表“建議”時,用虛擬語氣。
【考題鏈接】 Michelle found a job as a high school teacher which spending quite a lot of time with students. (2013福建卷24)
A. enjoysB. involves
C. practicesD. suggests
Graces pale face suggested that she ill, and her parents suggested that she a medical examination.
A. be; should haveB. was; have
C. should be; hadD. was; was
9. inform
【命題角度】 inform sb. of / about; inform sb. that / wh; keep sb. informed of / about的用法比較。
【考題鏈接】 Please keep me happened last night.
A. inform of what
B. informed of what
C. informing about that
D. from informing about that
10. including
【命題角度】 動詞contain和include以及介詞including和形容詞included用法和辨析。
【考題鏈接】 The parcel a lot of things, a secondhand dictionary. (2007南開模擬卷)
A. contained; included
B. included; contained
C. contained; including
D. included; containing
三、重點短語
1. upon / on doing2. inform sb. of sth.3. consist of4. come up with5. turn up6. feel like doing sth.7. be hard on sb.8. now that
9. mean to do sth.10. as though / if11. insist on
12. do with13. cant wait to do sth.14. be dying to do sth.15. work out16. used to do sth.
17. concentrate on18. for free19. be fond of20. look back (on)21. make use of22. in charge of23. cant wait to do sth.24. be supposed to25. stay up26. mix up27. go on a diet28. fall out29. get into shape30. make the most of
四、重要語法結(jié)構(gòu)
1. 定語從句:1) 結(jié)構(gòu)及理解 2) 關(guān)系詞的使用 3) 簡化表達(dá)
2. so / neither 相關(guān)用法
五、鞏固練習(xí)
1. After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive. (2012江蘇卷22)
A. whichB. who
C. whereD. what
2. As the project at the meeting, it drew our attention.
A. comes upB. was come up
C. came upD. had been come up
3. The old town has narrow streets and small houses are built close to each other. (2011山東卷32)
A. theyB. that
C. whereD. what
4. The boy I the notice was then working a physical problem.
A. talked to; onB. informed of; on
C. compared with; atD. related to; out
5. The school shop, customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays. (2011四川卷17)
A. whichB. whose
C. whenD. where
6. Anyone traveling abroad without a passport of being arrested.
A. runs the riskB. takes a chance
C. has the opportunityD. runs the danger
7. He rode on until he got to the foot of a hill, when his horse danger and stopped.
A. recognizedB. discovered
C. sensedD. came across
8. “Crazy English” teach us and help us improve our English in an active and fun way.
A. meansB. means for
C. has meant toD. is meant to
9. Im so tired that I dont doing anything.
A. wishB. hope
C. wantD. feel like
10. She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction had taken more than three years. (2011江西卷34)
A. for whichB. of which
C. with whichD. to which
11. Made fun of often by her colleagues for her fatness, Charlotte is .
A. looking forward to be slim
B. dying to be slim
C. long to be slim
D. expected to be slim
12. The country life he was used to greatly since 1992.
A. changeB. has changed
C. changingD. have changed
13. Thats the new machine parts are too small to be seen.
A. thatB. which
C. whoseD. what
14. Care of the soul is a gradual process even the small details of life should be considered.(2012湖南卷34)
A. whatB. in what
C. whichD. in which
15. ―Garfield is my favorite cartoon figure. I also like those Disney ones.
―.
A. So is my daughter
B. So do my daughter
C. Neither is my daughter
D. Its the same with my daughter
Module 2
一、重點單詞
1. puzzled2. strength3. supply4. convince5. case6. witness7. murder8. clothing
9. view10. surrounding11. scare12. curious13. preserve14. examine15. bury16.search17. desire18. whichever19. signal20. announce21. curious22. fortune23. disturb24. view
二、重點單詞講解
1. preserve
【命題角度】 vt. 保存,保藏;防腐 (+from);腌制 (+in);n. [C] 蜜餞,果醬;禁 (獵 )區(qū)
【考題鏈接】 ―The town is so beautiful! I just love it. (2013江蘇卷23)
―Me too. The character of the town is well .
A. qualifiedB. preserved
C. decoratedD. simplified
2. supply
【命題角度】 vt. / n. supply sth. for sb. = supply sb. with sth.“為某人提供某物”;in short supply “供應(yīng)不足”;supplier n.“供應(yīng)商 / 廠家;原料”以及與provide和offer辨析。
【考題鏈接】 As the worlds population continues to grow, the of food becomes more and more of a concern. (2013浙江卷4)
A. worthB. supply
C. packageD. list
3. strength
【命題角度】 高考題最常考查strength,power,force,energy等詞的辨析。
【考題鏈接】 ―Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency? (2012福建卷25)
―Well, you know, English is my . So it is my best choice.
A. strengthB. talent
C. abilityD. skill
To play better, all the players have to know their and weaknesses. (2012福建卷26)
A. techniquesB. strengths
C. benefitsD. values
4. whichever
【命題角度】 which與whichever; who與whoever; how與however以及 what與whatever同no matter which; no matter who; no matter how以及no matter what用法與辨析。
【考題鏈接】 one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it. (2013江西卷30)
A. WhoeverB. Whatever
C. WhicheverD. Wherever
In the global economy, a new drug for cancer, it is discovered, will create many economic possibilities around the world. (2013江蘇卷28)
A. whateverB. whoever
C. whereverD. whichever
hard you try, it is difficult to lose weight without cutting down the amount you eat. (2012湖南卷32)
A. HoweverB. Whatever
C. WhicheverD. Whenever
5. search
【命題角度】 search sb.“搜身”;search for“搜尋”;search地點名詞 for sb. / sth.“在某地搜尋某人 / 物”;in search of為介詞短語。
【考題鏈接】 the website of the Fire Department in your city, and you will learn a lot about firefighting. (2008湖南卷)
A. Having searchedB. To search
C. SearchingD. Search
6. signal
【命題角度】 sign, signal, mark與symbol等詞的用法與區(qū)別。
【考題鏈接】 In our class, when the bell rang and the teacher closed his book, it was a for everyone to stand up. (2009湖北卷26)
A. signalB. chance
C. markD. measure
7. reach
【命題角度】 reach vt.; reach to the sky; reach for... (伸手去拿 / 夠……); beyond reach;out of / within ones reach。
【考題鏈接】 It saves time in the kitchen to have things you use a lot easy reach.(2009山東卷33)
A. nearB. upon
C. withinD. around
Always remember to put such dangerous things as knives out of childrens .
A. touchB. sight
C. reachD. distance
8. present
【命題角度】 ① n.“物;目前”。② v.“呈現(xiàn)”。③ adj. 前置時“目前的”;后置時“在場的”。
【考題鏈接】 All of them try to use the power of the workstation information in a more effective way. (2009北京卷)
A. presentingB. presented
C. being presentedD. to present
9. common
【命題角度】 common“常見的”。in common; common knowledge; have... in common with;ordinary“平常的”;general“普遍的”;normal“正常的”。
【考題鏈接】 Letter boxes are much more in the UK than in the US, where most people have a mailbox instead. (2006浙江卷)
A. commonB. normal
C. ordinaryD. usual
10. puzzled
【命題角度】 puzzle, puzzled與puzzling含義區(qū)別。
【考題鏈接】 The question was so that the girl listened with a expression on her face.
A. puzzling; puzzledB. puzzled; puzzled
C. puzzling; puzzlingD. puzzled; puzzling
11. bury
【命題角度】 bury, buried, burying與burial用法與區(qū)別。
【考題鏈接】 Whats wrong with the boy? I saw him run out of the classroom, with his face in his hands.
A. buryB. burial
C. buryingD. buried
12. desire
【命題角度】 a / ones desire for / to do sth. / that sb. (should) do; desire (sb.) to do; desire that sb. (should) do
【考題鏈接】 She desired that he these letters after she left.
A. burnedB. burn
C. burnsD. burnt
三、重點短語
1. make up2. run after3. in case4. as well as
5. pay off6. due to7. pick up8. a great deal of
9. take off10.take charge of11. make ones way to12. leave out13. look forward to14. make contributions to15. be surrounded by16. step up
17. show up18. take charge of19. look into20. belong to21. set sail22. come across
23. result in24. be in control (of something)
25. look up to
四、重要語法結(jié)構(gòu)
1. 助動詞用在謂語動詞之前來加強語氣,此時謂語動詞應(yīng)為原形;
2. 時態(tài)考查 (現(xiàn)在完成時或現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時);
3. sb. / sth. is said to do / to be done / to be doing / to have done / to have been done;
4. where 引導(dǎo)的定語從句;
5. 省略的考查 (不定式符號后省略情況);
6. 考查疑問詞 + ever 與no matter + 疑問詞的區(qū)別以及whatever與however區(qū)別;
7. not... until以及not until 放于句首引起的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)的考查;
8. have sb. do = get sb. to do; have sb. doing = get sb. doing; have sth. done = get sth. done;
9. wish to do; wish sb. to do; wish sb. sth.; wish + 從句(虛擬語氣);
10. worth, worthy與worthwhile
五、鞏固練習(xí)
1. ―Kevin, you look worried. Anything wrong? (2012重慶卷22)
―Well, I a test and Im waiting for the result.
A. will takeB. took
C. had takenD. take
2. ―Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut?
―You should try the barbers I go. Its only 15. (2010天津卷8)
A. asB. which
C. whereD. that
3. If you have a job, yourself to it and finally youll succeed. (2010 四川卷)
A. do devoteB. dont devote
C. devotingD. not devoting
4. Sam some knowledge of the computer just by watching others working on it. (2010山東卷)
A. brought upB. looked up
C. picked upD. set up
5. The teacher stressed again that the students should not any important details while retelling the story. ( 2008湖北卷)
A. bring outB. let out
C. leave outD. make out
6. After the Arab states won their independence, much attention was paid to developing education, with girls boys encouraged to go to school.
A. besideB. as well as
C. as wellD. either
7. The athletes years of hard training when she finally won the Olympic gold medal. (2012安徽卷28)
A. went onB. got through
C. paid offD. ended up
8. I guess weve already talked about this before but Ill ask you again just .
A. by natureB. in return
C. in caseD. by chance
9. My mother opened the drawer to the knives and spoons. (2010全國卷II)
A. put awayB. put up
C. put onD. put together
10. My son is seeing you again, Tom. After all, you havent seen each other for 8 years.
A. looking forward toB. looking into
C. looking up toD. owing to
11. Dont worry. The hard work that you do now later in life. (2012湖南卷22)
A. has been repaidB. was being repaid
C. will be repaidD. was repaid
12. To improve the quality of our products, we asked for suggestions had used the products. (2010重慶卷)
A. whoeverB. who
C. whicheverD. which
13. American Indians about five percent of the U.S. population.
A. fill upB. bring up
C. make upD. set up
14. It was not until I came here I realized this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather. (2012湖南卷30)
A. whoB. that
C. whereD. before
15. Just as the clothes a person wears, the food he eats and the friends with whom he spends his time, his house his personality.
A. resemblesB. strengthens
C. reflectsD. shapes
Module 3
一、重點單詞
1. panic2. combine3. glance4. relief
5. observe6. contribution7. raise8. concern9. distinguish10. differ11. ruin12. access13. complain14. recognize15. attach
16. indicate17. ruin18. employ19. occupy
20. declare
二、重點單詞講解
1. therefore
【命題角度】 adv.“因此;因而;所以”以及與so辨析。
【考題鏈接】 What a terrible experience! , youre safe now―thats the main thing. (2013江西卷24)
A. AnywayB. Besides
C. OtherwiseD. Therefore
2. panic
【命題角度】 基本含義以及短語的搭配 in (a) panic; panic sb. into doing sth.; panic over / about; get into a panic以及同義詞的辨析。
【考題鏈接】 “Tommy, run! Be quick! The house is on fire!” the mother shouted, with clearly in her voice. (2011湖北卷21)
A. angerB. rudeness
C. regretD. panic
3. combine
【命題角度】 combine vt. combine A with B; vi. combine with; combination n. 及同義詞辨析。
【考題鏈接】 ―In this day and age, women can have children and jobs as well.(2010福建卷33)
―I cant agree more. Its great to have the two .
A. linkedB. related
C. connectedD. combined
4. glance
【命題角度】 基本含義、短語的搭配以及與易混詞組的辨析 glance at / stare at / glare at / look at / gaze at
【考題鏈接】 He his watch and left in a hurry.
A. stared atB. watched
C. glared atD. glanced at
5. contribution
【命題角度】 contribute to有助于,促成,是……的原因之一;名詞詞組make a contribution / contributions to sth. / doing sth., 其中to為介詞。
【考題鏈接】 Eating too much fat can heart disease and cause high blood pressure.
A. attend toB. devote to
C. dedicated toD. contribute to
6. raise
【命題角度】 及物動詞raise的多層含義:舉起;提高;提出;撫養(yǎng);募集等以及與不及物動詞rise的用法辨析。
【考題鏈接】 One Monday morning, while the sun was in the east, we watched the national flag to the top of the pole.
A. raising; raiseB. rising; being raised
C. raising; riseD. rising; being risen
7. indicate
【命題角度】 indicate一詞多義;“表明,表示”;“暗示,指示”以及同義詞的辨析。
【考題鏈接】 A red sky at night fine weather the following day.
A. includesB. reflects
C. indicatesD. decides
8. declare
【命題角度】 “(向公眾) 正式宣布”,側(cè)重當(dāng)眾發(fā)表,與announce辨析。
【考題鏈接】 At the conference, the Chinese foreign minister his opinion that China was strongly against the terrorism.
A. declaredB. announced
C. startedD. showed
9. relief
【命題角度】 relief n. 減輕,緩解,輕松,寬慰,救濟(jì)。give relief to減輕;to ones relief使某人感到寬慰的是……;relieve v.
【考題鏈接】 ―Dont worry, Mum. The doctor said it was only the flu. (2012江蘇卷)
―! Ill tell Dad theres nothing serious.
A. What a reliefB. Congratulations
C. How surprisingD. Im so sorry
Those who suffer from headache will find they get from this medicine.
A. reliefB. safety
C. defenseD. shelter
10. access
【命題角度】 access vt. / n. accessible adj. way、passage與approach辨析。
【考題鏈接】 The system has been designed to give students quick and easy to the digital resources of the library. (2009浙江卷6)
A. accessB. passage
C. wayD. approach
三、重點短語
1. in sight2. make sense3. pay back4. make progress5. cant help doing6. feed on7. consist of8.pick up9. depend on10. turn into11. contribute to12. take over13. carry out
14. in return15. in memory of16. wish for
17. reach out18. watch out for19. roll up
20. be made up of21. name after22. take control of23. lead to24. ought to25. differ from
26. stand for27. rise up against28. stand in ones path29. come down with30. aside from
四、重要語法
1. 名詞性(主語、賓語、表語)從句的運用;it作形式主語或形式賓語;
2. 主謂一致用法;
3. with + O + doing / done / to do / adj. / adv. / 介短
五、鞏固練習(xí)
1. I am sure David will be able to find the library―he has a pretty good of direction.
A. ideaB. feeling
C. experienceD. sense
2. We promise attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star. (2012福建卷35)
A. whoB. whom
C. whoeverD. whomever
3. The plan is perfect, but it will be very difficult .
A. to carry onB. to be carried on
C. to carry outD. to be carried out
4. Everyone in the village is very friendly. It doesnt matter you have lived there for a short or a long time. (2012湖南卷26)
A. whyB. how
C. whetherD. when
5. It is said that he will his fathers business when he has enough experience to manage it.
A. take overB. hand over
C. go overD. think over
6. Bad habits are easily while good ones are hard to develop.
A. took upB. picked up
C. made upD. caught up
7. Modern science has given clear evidence smoking can lead to many diseases. (2011天津卷13)
A. whatB. which
C. thatD. where
8. I really dont know how many paragraphs the passage .
A. makes upB. consists of
C. bases onD. refers to
9. He seems to be giving the impression that he didnt enjoy himself in Paris. , he had a wonderful time. (2012江西卷34)
A. Above allB. Whats more
C. As a resultD. On the contrary
10. ―I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays.
―Thats I dont agree. You should have a more active life.
A. whereB. how
C. whenD. what
11. It was never clear the man hadnt reported the accident sooner. (2011江蘇卷26)
A. thatB. how
C. whenD. why
12. ―I dont know whether I should go abroad or not, Mum.
―I leave to your own judgment whether you should do it.
A. thatB. it
C. thisD. what
13. It is not always easy for the public to see use a new invention can be of to human life. (2011重慶卷34)
A. whoseB. what
C. whichD. that
14. Such poets as Shakespeare widely read, of those works, however, some difficult to understand.
A. are; isB. is; is
C. are; areD. is; are
15. With some books he needed , he went into the bookstore quickly.
A. to buyB. bought
C. buyingD. buy
Module 4
一、重點單詞
1. appeal2. comment3. cure4. comment
5. recommend6. convenience7. aim8. origin9. trick10. design11. determine12. persuade
13. urge14. significance15. attempt16. compete17. precious18. honour19. otherwise20. power21. promote22. impression23. accuse24. escape
二、重點單詞講解
1. meanwhile
【命題角度】 n. / adv. = meantime;n. / adv. 另一方面;與此同時;in the meanwhile = in the meantime
【考題鏈接】 It will be a big help if you go to the store and get what we need for dinner. , Ill set the table. (2013浙江卷14)
A. As a resultB. On the whole
C. In the meanwhileD. As a matter of fact
2. appeal
【命題角度】 appeal to sth.; appeal (to sb.) for sth.; appeal to sb. to do sth.; appeal against sth.;和make an appeal to sb.用法。
【考題鏈接】 ―How did you like Nicks performance last night? (2010安徽卷23)
―To be honest, his singing didnt to me much.
A. appealB. belong
C. referD. occur
3. deal with
【命題角度】 deal with在疑問句中常用疑問詞how; do with在疑問句中常用疑問詞what。
【考題鏈接】 In many peoples opinion, that company, though relatively small, is pleasant . (2010四川卷11)
A. to deal withB. dealing with
C. to be dealt withD. dealt with
4. otherwise
【命題角度】 含蓄條件句就是有時假設(shè)的情況沒有用if從句表示出來,而是通過without, but for等介詞引出的短語或是由副詞otherwise,連詞but等引導(dǎo)的短語或上下文表示出來。
【考題鏈接】 Queen Elizabeth Ⅱis often to be richest woman in the world. , her personal wealth seems rather small. (2012安徽卷34)
A. BesidesB. Otherwise
C. HoweverD. Altogether
Bicycling is good exercise; , it does not pollute the air. (2012湖南卷24)
A. neverthelessB. besides
C. otherwiseD. therefore
5. 情態(tài)動詞+ have done 表示對過去發(fā)生事情的猜測語氣
【命題角度】 根據(jù)語境,不同情態(tài)動詞+have done的不同含義
【相關(guān)短語】 must have done 對過去事情的肯定猜測,一定做……;should / ought to have done 本應(yīng)該做……(實際上沒做);can / could have done 可能做……(上下文有依據(jù),可能性較大);may / might have done可能做……(可能性較?。?/p>
【考題鏈接】 Since nobody gave him any help, he have done the research on his own. (2013全國卷26)
A. canB. must
C. wouldD. need
The children lost in the woods; otherwise, they would have been at the lakeside camp as scheduled. (2013陜西卷21)
A. must have gotB. must get
C. should have gotD. should get
Jack described his father, who a brave boy, many years ago, as a strongwilled man. (2010安徽卷32)
A. would beB. would have been
C. must beD. must have been
―Happy birthday! (2012江蘇卷35)
―Thank you! Its the best present I for.
A. should have wishedB. must have wished
C. may have wishedD. could have wished
6. get across
【命題角度】 與其他類似結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別:get across (使) 被理解,(使) 被接受;get through打通 (電話) 通過,完成;get over 越過,克服;get in 收割;get along with與……相處;進(jìn)展; get away逃離;get back返回,回來。
【考題鏈接】 There are lots of different ways to your message when you are putting together an ad campaign.
A. get; throughB. get; over
C. get; inD. get; across
7. bring sb. / sth. back to life
【命題角度】 與其他詞組用法和辨析:bring up養(yǎng)育;嘔吐;bring out闡明;出版;bring in引進(jìn);引入;bring down減少;bring back帶回來;回憶起;bring about導(dǎo)致;引起。
【考題鏈接】 The government has taken measures to the high prices of daily goods to keep the market reliable. (2011湖北卷29)
A. take downB. bring down
C. hand downD. tear down
Born into a family with three brothers, David was to value the sense of sharing. (2011福建卷31)
A. brought upB. turned down
C. looked afterD. held back
8. persuade
【命題角度】 persuade“說服,勸服”+ sb. to do (或者into doing) sth.;“使 (某人) 相信”+ sb. of sth.或者that從句以及和其他動詞的辨析。
【考題鏈接】 If she doesnt want to go, nothing you can say will her. (2012全國卷35)
A. persuadeB. promise
C. inviteD. support
9. not only... but also...
【命題角度】 not only... but also...中but或者also可以省略;連接主語時不倒裝,主謂一致就近原則,連接其他成分位于句首時,句子要部分倒裝。
【考題鏈接】 The computer was used in teaching. As a result, not only , but students became more interested in the lessons. (2009全國卷31)
A. saved was teachers energy
B. was teachers energy saved
C. teachers energy was saved
D. was saved teachers energy
三、重點詞組
1. be used to2. even if3. be aware of4. fall for
5. play tricks on6. trick sb. into doing sth.
7. appeal to8. deal with9. be concerned about10. be satisfied with11. get sth. across12. be involved in13. in honor of14. play a role in
15. be bored with16. give out17. make contributions to18. make way for19. be connected with20. be accused of21. set up22. come across
23. be set in24. add to25. put forward26. upon doing27. last but not least28. keep sth. under control
四、重點語法結(jié)構(gòu)
1. 情態(tài)動詞相關(guān)應(yīng)用;
2. 被動語態(tài)。
五、鞏固練習(xí)
1. The newly published book, which refers basic English grammar, is only for beginners.
A. as; meantB. for; intended
C. to; plannedD. to; intended
2. I use a clock to wake me up because at six oclock each morning the train comes by my house. (2012全國卷30)
A. couldntB. mustnt
C. shouldntD. neednt
3. There a lot of coal mines in the south, but many of them have been closed or are be closed.
A. use to having; about to
B. used to be; to
C. use to having; going to
D. used to be; supposed to
4. I tried phoning her office, but I couldnt .
A. get alongB. get on
C. get throughD. get to
5. He left the place, never back again.
A. determined; to come
B. being determined; to come
C. determined; coming
D. determining; coming
6. ―Id like a table for six.
―Sorry, sir, but we dont have any tables right now.
A. usableB. suitable
C. comfortableD. available
7. One of our rules is that every student wear school uniform while at school. (2012遼寧卷24)
A. mightB. could
C. shallD. will
8. Also when you write your goals in a particular way you are able to make yourself continuously situations that will bring you nearer to your goal.
A. aware ofB. worried about
C. familiar withD. accustomed to
9. Washington, a state in the United States, was named one of the greatest American presidents.
A. in honor ofB. by means of
C. in search ofD. in need of
10. I got close enough to hear them speaking Chinese, and I said “Ni Hao” just as I do in China. (2012四川卷19)
A. mustB. might
C. canD. should
11. ―She felt so sorry that she burst into tears.
―Id rather you her all about that.
A. didnt tellB. hadnt told
C. not tellD. wont tell
12. Unluckily I dont have a lot of memories of my childhood. There were no good friends, no amazing adventures, and no wonderful holidays.
A. persuasiveB. ordinary
C. fantasticD. honorable
13. Liu Qian, a magician for Taiwan, audience of thousands on the 2009 CCTV Spring Festival Show.
A. appealed toB. applied for
C. approved ofD. appointed with
14. It was only when I reread his poems recently I began to appreciate their beauty.
A. untilB. when
C. thatD. after
15. ―The trip shouldnt take more than an hour.(2012陜西卷21)
―. It is at least two hours.
A. I guess so
B. Thats it
C. You must be joking
D. It depends
參考答案
Module 1
重點單詞
1. D2. D3. D4. C5. A6. C7. C8. B B9. B10. C
鞏固練習(xí)
1―5 BCBBB6―10 ACDDB11―15 BBCDD
Module 2
重點詞匯
1. B2. B3. A B4. C C A5. D6. A7. C C8. D9. A10. A11. D12. B
鞏固練習(xí)
1―5 BCACC6―10 BCCAA11―15 CACBC
Module 3
重點單詞
1. A2. D3. D4. D5. D6. B7.C8. A9. A A10. A
鞏固練習(xí)
1―5 DCCCA6―10 BCBDA11―15 DBBCA
Module 4
重點單詞
1. C2. A3. A4. C B5. B A D D6. D7. B A8. A9. B
關(guān)鍵詞:板式塔設(shè)備;塔盤垂直度控制;硝酸吸收塔;壓力容器
中圖分類號:TQ051 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A 文章編號:1009-2374(2011)07-0041-01
10萬噸硝酸吸收塔是直徑3.4米、高度58.89米、筒體高度52.96米內(nèi)有塔盤34層盤管28層,我們知道塔器在1.1MPa壓力下工作吸收工藝水由塔頂送到第一層塔板上,通過降液管連續(xù)穩(wěn)定地由上而下流入每塊塔板上,氣體由底部進(jìn)入向上穿過每層塔板,在塔板上進(jìn)行著氣液之間的泡沫吸收反應(yīng),最終生成濃度大于60%的硝酸,尾氣由塔頂排走,其N0含量在200PPm以下,不需進(jìn)行處理就可直接排入大氣,要想氣液泡沫吸收均勻須保證塔盤安裝的水平度及垂直度誤差小于3mm,而從我所獲悉的好幾個用戶資料中知道,有的化肥廠吸收塔塔盤平面度垂直度誤差超過30mm,導(dǎo)致氣流間的泡沫吸收效率低,甚至經(jīng)常發(fā)生停車現(xiàn)象。因此吸收塔的生產(chǎn)過程中,除了重視主體的質(zhì)量外塔板垂直度的要求也是非常重要的。
一、施工要點
下面我就硝酸吸收塔生產(chǎn)過程中的幾個要點做一闡述以供讀者參考:
第一,筒節(jié)平板在刨邊時要控制其對角線尺寸,對角線尺寸誤差要控制在3mm以下。誤差過大時,簡體滾制成圓筒后兩環(huán)縫不平行,簡體組對后直線度不容易保證,塔盤組裝后垂直度很難保證。
第二,10萬噸硝酸吸收塔筒體厚度小,(從18~28mm)直徑大(φ3400mm),屬于薄壁結(jié)構(gòu),正圓時簡體最大最小直徑差25ram要求達(dá)不到,這樣組裝塔盤時會出現(xiàn)較大變形。要解決此問題,兩筒節(jié)對接前先用卡環(huán)將筒節(jié)校圓后對接,這樣組裝塔盤時避免出現(xiàn)較大變形,保證了塔盤垂直度。
第三,筒節(jié)對接時要經(jīng)常測量筒節(jié)直線度,要及時調(diào)整。
第四,因硝酸吸收塔高度達(dá)58.89米,重量近150噸,整段運輸受道路、彎道、橋梁高度等因素影響,一般將其按兩段制造,上下兩段筒節(jié)完成后進(jìn)行試對接,保證試對接時無間隙,測量其直線度達(dá)到要求。
第五,在上段筒節(jié)最上節(jié)筒體整圈均勻分出8等份,在下段筒節(jié)最下節(jié)筒體整圈均勻分出8等份,在上下筒節(jié)整體用粉線打出8條線(下圖),以下封頭焊縫為基準(zhǔn),依次劃出各層塔盤位置線,用盤尺測量時用20公斤彈簧秤拉住盤尺另一端加15公斤力,用細(xì)劃針劃線。這樣避免因尺寸大,拉盤尺力量控制不好,盤尺拉伸不一致尺寸誤差過大。塔盤整圈在一個平面內(nèi),垂直度及平面度得以保證。
第六,每層塔盤圈都是分段下料,拼接時一定要調(diào)平,平面度
第七,各塔盤下料沖孔后因沖孔受力原因造成塔盤沖孔區(qū)平面度嚴(yán)重超差,勢必影響塔盤整體垂直度。因此塔盤沖孔后一定要機械校平。
第八,上下段現(xiàn)場組對時,在轉(zhuǎn)動胎上將上下兩段直線度調(diào)整到最好,然后點牢固定,保證塔盤垂直度。
二、檢驗
我廠在2001年及2006年分別為石家莊市化肥廠、新鄉(xiāng)市永昌化工有限公司生產(chǎn)了硝酸吸收塔。生產(chǎn)過程中抓住上述關(guān)鍵,經(jīng)用戶檢測塔盤垂直度最大誤差不到2mm,設(shè)備運轉(zhuǎn)正常,受到設(shè)計部門及用戶好評。
病毒電影中的病毒危機來源有三:未知的病毒爆發(fā)、醫(yī)學(xué)實驗負(fù)作用、生化武器。三個方面的病毒表現(xiàn)了人類的三大擔(dān)憂。
直面病毒:信念和愛心無敵?
哪怕明天是世界末日.今天也還是要種蘋果樹
一一馬丁?路德?金
代表電影:《感染列島》國別:日本上映時間:20lO年10月
新年伊始,醫(yī)師松岡接下了一個急診病患,病人高燒、痙攣、吐血,但無法確診病因,病人很快身亡。松岡還沒有從一時的消沉中回過神來,事態(tài)已升級。一些醫(yī)生也染上了怪病,接著又波及到外來人員……病毒開始在日本全國蔓延,患者已達(dá)數(shù)千萬,受災(zāi)狀況已經(jīng)超過了戰(zhàn)爭,而一旦病毒蔓延至他國,全人類將迎來滅頂之災(zāi)。而比病毒蔓延更可怕的是對疾病的恐慌,病毒讓整個日本社會面臨崩潰、民眾誠惶誠恐。比克制病毒更緊迫的是,如何重建人類活下去的信念,解藥是用愛構(gòu)建眾志成城的決心……
電影將病毒對人類的危害展現(xiàn)得淋漓盡致:感染、潛伏、發(fā)病、傳播、全民恐慌、軍隊出動;隔離、搶救、疏散甚至將感染者置于死地――我們看到了人類為了自保而露出“性惡”的一面。但與此同時我們也看到人類同仇敵愾的勇氣:冒著感染危險全力維護(hù)秩序的政府,為了生存與病毒抗?fàn)幍幕颊撸约杭胰吮桓腥緟s努力搶救患者的醫(yī)務(wù)人員。
病毒感染退潮,人們感嘆信念和愛心無敵――為何在最危難時才能發(fā)掘真善美?病毒肆虐后凄驚的城市觸動人類反思:究竟是病毒在剝奪人的生存權(quán),還是人類有太強的占有欲,擠占了其他生物的生存空間?人類似平只記得自己是萬物之靈,忘記了人只是地球生靈中的一種。末世病毒給人類帶來末日,但是這卻不是世界的末日。病毒給人的印象是:它沒有顧忌,一味地占有、破壞。而對于其他生物來說,把這種特性發(fā)揮得淋漓盡致的正是人類。從這個角度講,人類正充當(dāng)著末世病毒、全民公敵的角色。末世病毒給人類帶來災(zāi)難,對其他生物來說,卻是“為民除害”。
電影的主旨是:無論何時,都要心懷希望。我們處在一個危機四伏的星球。隨便一個未知病毒都能引起瘟疫,這的確是個問題,但卻不是最大的問題。
在以病毒為背景的電影中,似乎人們從來就沒把病毒放在眼里,它遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)沒有愛重要。這類型的電影中,起初人類往往在病毒面前不堪一擊,而一旦亮出信念和愛心,我們就有了必勝的核武器。信念和愛心是真的“很好,很強大”,還是我們自己真的“很傻,很天真”。
生化危機:扮撒旦還是當(dāng)上帝?
代表影片:《生化危機4》國別:美國.上映時間:20l0年11月
安布雷拉公司的遺傳基因?qū)嶒炇?,正在研制一種名為T病毒的生物武器,但是病毒泄露。實驗人員被感染,感染者都成了喪尸。安布雷拉公司無力阻止感染擴(kuò)散,于是轉(zhuǎn)瞬之間病毒擴(kuò)散到了全球。剩下的人類都躲到了老少邊窮地區(qū),但是沒有被感染的地區(qū)已越來越少。
上帝造物,已經(jīng)是很多年前的事,但是那些生物并不完美。人類似乎―直不滿只充當(dāng)“萬物之靈”這樣的小角色。_直在試圖擺脫“被創(chuàng)造”的命運.要向造物主的角色看齊。在自己能力范圍內(nèi).總是想盡辦法突破自然的運行規(guī)律:在中古時代就知道嫁接;在科技進(jìn)步后,就開始雜交;當(dāng)基因技術(shù)出現(xiàn)后,人類才真正地找到了遺傳密碼,有了當(dāng)造物主的驕傲。
只不過,這種造物,沒有彰顯上帝的慈悲,只彌漫撒旦的鐵血。當(dāng)安布雷拉公司能夠改造人體,提升人體機能,有讓人變成超人的技術(shù)后,就開始?xì)埲痰剡M(jìn)行人體實驗。甚至不息把實驗對象擴(kuò)大至全人類。
在世界被病毒一統(tǒng),人類變成喪尸,成為病毒的傀儡后,無處藏身的人類才發(fā)現(xiàn),自己所需要的,只不過是“沒有被感染的土地,安全庇護(hù),食物和住所”。此時,人類顯得足夠可憐,而此前他們足夠貪婪。
《生化危機》表面上是表現(xiàn)病毒肆虐,其實說的是人類邪念爆發(fā)。如此說來,最可怕的瘟疫,不是來源于實驗室,而是來源于人類內(nèi)心。當(dāng)上帝的執(zhí)念和當(dāng)撒旦的邪念,只在一念之間。
醫(yī)學(xué)濫用:真能駕馭的雙刃劍?
我叫羅伯特?奈維爾,我是一個生活在紐約市的幸存者,如果這里還有 其他人……任何人。請回答我,因為你不是孤單一個人。
――《我是傳奇》
代表影片:《我是傳奇》國別:美國上映時間:2007年12月
醫(yī)藥公司研制出了_一種麻疹病毒抗體,能對人體進(jìn)行改造,進(jìn)而治愈癌癥。于是人類爭先恐后地注射。誰知麻疹病毒帶有負(fù)作用,會讓人變成沒有思想,見不得光只能在夜晚出現(xiàn)的“夜魔”。這并不可怕,可怕的是病毒的潛伏期有三年,在這期間。全球已有一半人注射了這種抗體。這還不是最可怕的,最可怕的是“夜魔”已喪失了人性,逢人便咬,經(jīng)咬過后便會感染成為“夜魔”。于是,三年后,人類只剩下羅伯特?奈維爾一個人,他每天對著荒蕪的城市廣播,希望能找到除他之外的另一個人……
紐約曼哈頓,是人類文明最昌盛之地。當(dāng)看到紐約街道上長出草,羚羊在報廢的汽車叢中奔跑時,你就知道,人類沒戲了。該影片不是直接寫病毒感染時的恐懼,而是把視角切換到病毒感染三年后,從繁華的城市只一個鏡頭切換就到了荒涼的廢墟。這極具視覺沖擊力的畫面只反映了一個現(xiàn)象:病毒兇猛。人類從遠(yuǎn)古時代至今,經(jīng)歷了百毒而屹立不倒,但如今卻被自己制造的病毒一擊而致命,這從另外一個方面證明了人類造物的能力,只不過,我們欠缺的是那種收放自如的控制力,于是呈現(xiàn)在羅伯特?奈維爾面前就只是“世界只有一人’的黑色幽默。他會在便利店中擺滿人偶,會和“店老板“計價還價,會吹著口哨調(diào)戲“美女”,會把《怪物史萊克》的臺詞背得滾瓜爛熟。但是這世界靜悄悄,只有他一個人在嘮叨。他每天不停地向外廣播“任何人,請回答我”。他希望有人能回答他,但是回答他的只有他的回音―他始終孤單一人。
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關(guān)鍵詞:核電廠控制;室盤臺;射頻輻射;抗擾度
中圖分類號:TM772 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A 文章編號:1009-2374(2013)17-0114-02
1 概述
控制室控制盤臺是安裝了監(jiān)視和控制電廠所使用部件的屏的組合體,是實現(xiàn)核電廠在其所有運行和事故工況下安全與有效地運行的重要人機接口資源和設(shè)施。盤臺所處的控制室環(huán)境人員使用的手機、通信系統(tǒng)的無線電廣播等都是電磁輻射的來源。為了防止射頻電磁干擾帶來誤驅(qū)動或不驅(qū)動,確保盤臺能執(zhí)行其要求的功能,有必要對盤臺進(jìn)行射頻電磁場輻射抗擾度試驗。
2 試驗標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、要求及分析
2.1 試驗標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、要求
根據(jù)RG1.180,試驗遵守的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為IEC61000-4-3(1995版),試驗等級:水平3:10V/m:26MHz~1GHz;CE認(rèn)證試驗等級為:10V/m:80MHz~1GHz;3V/m:1.4GHz~2.0GHz;1V/m:2.0GHz~2.7GHz。性能準(zhǔn)則:性能準(zhǔn)則A。
2.2 試驗要求分析
試驗等級的選擇分析:等級1為低電平的電磁輻射環(huán)境。等級2為中等電磁輻射環(huán)境。等級3為嚴(yán)酷的電磁輻射環(huán)境,如一般典型的工業(yè)環(huán)境。等級×為一開放的等級,可通過用戶和設(shè)備制造商協(xié)商或在產(chǎn)品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或設(shè)備說明書中規(guī)定。通常受試設(shè)備的試驗等級是根據(jù)其最終安裝環(huán)境的電磁情況來選擇的。盤臺最終安裝在核電廠主控制室和遠(yuǎn)距離停堆室內(nèi),屬于典型的工業(yè)環(huán)境。
抗擾度試驗的性能準(zhǔn)則分析:性能準(zhǔn)則A:在試驗過程中和試驗之后,設(shè)備應(yīng)能按預(yù)定要求工作。在設(shè)備按預(yù)定要求使用時,不應(yīng)出現(xiàn)制造商所規(guī)定的性能等級以下的性能劣化或功能喪失。性能準(zhǔn)則B:在試驗之后,設(shè)備應(yīng)能按預(yù)定要求工作。在設(shè)備按預(yù)定要求使用時,不應(yīng)出現(xiàn)制造商所規(guī)定的性能等級以下的性能劣化或功能喪失。性能準(zhǔn)則C:允許暫時的功能喪失,但要求功能能夠自己恢復(fù)或可以通過控制來進(jìn)行恢復(fù)。
根據(jù)上述性能準(zhǔn)則的定義,受試設(shè)備的性能準(zhǔn)則是根據(jù)其使用性能來選擇的。盤臺包括1E級和非1E級設(shè)備,要求其在核電廠所有運行和事故工況下安全與有效地運行。因此盤臺的性能準(zhǔn)則應(yīng)為A。
對于IEC61000-4-3(1995版)中試驗的頻率范圍為80MHz~1GHz,IEC61000-4-3(2002版)則把試驗的頻率范圍拓寬到2GHz。根據(jù)EN61000-6-2-2005的要求,CE認(rèn)證的范圍為26MHz~2.7GHz。
3 試驗設(shè)備
本實驗采用的試驗設(shè)備見表1:
4 試驗布置
4.1 場的校驗布置
在正式試驗前,要對場進(jìn)行校驗。場的校驗應(yīng)該在要進(jìn)行試驗的暗室中進(jìn)行,在受試設(shè)備將放置的位置處放置一個各項同性的場探頭,其作用是對場發(fā)射天線發(fā)射的場強進(jìn)行測量,獲得場強的實測值。場探頭距離場發(fā)射天線的距離為3m。在場發(fā)射天線與場探頭之間用吸波材料減少地面的反射。具體場校驗時的布置如圖1所示。
圖1 場的校驗布置圖
4.2 試驗布置
實際試驗的布置與校驗布置的主要區(qū)別在于:在放置場探頭的位置替換為實際受試設(shè)備,場探頭就不需要再放置在暗室內(nèi)。實際布置時,需要注意受試設(shè)備應(yīng)該放置在一個0.1m高的非導(dǎo)電支撐板上,一般為木板。具體試驗布置如圖2所示:
圖2 實際試驗布置圖
5 試驗流程
試驗開始前應(yīng)對受試設(shè)備進(jìn)行一個基準(zhǔn)功能試驗,建立受試設(shè)備的基本功能記錄。對于射頻電磁場抗擾度試驗,在試驗前需要對場進(jìn)行校驗。在射頻電磁場抗擾度試驗期間,為了確保受試設(shè)備能夠完全被輻射干擾所覆蓋到,需要把受試設(shè)備的四個面分別朝向發(fā)射天線進(jìn)行試驗。在試驗結(jié)束后,為了檢查受試設(shè)備是否能夠抵抗給定的干擾水平,需要進(jìn)行試驗后的功能驗證試驗。具體試驗的流程如下:(1)基準(zhǔn)功能試驗;(2)電波暗室內(nèi)場的校驗;(3)射頻電磁場輻射抗擾度試驗;(4)基準(zhǔn)功能試驗(驗證)。
其中第三項試驗又包括下面各項:
6 試驗案例
下面通過盤臺樣機試驗來說明射頻電磁場輻射抗擾度試驗。
首先是盤臺樣機的基準(zhǔn)功能試驗。檢查設(shè)備的外觀,檢查盤上安裝的開關(guān)的功能是否正常。經(jīng)過目測,沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)外部破損。開關(guān)通過監(jiān)測設(shè)備,實際操作開關(guān),發(fā)現(xiàn)開關(guān)功能完好。
其次是場的校驗。場的校驗根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的要求,在要求的頻率范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行,總共需要用到3種天線,每種天線需要進(jìn)行水平和垂直兩個極性的校驗。
再次是射頻電磁場輻射試驗。
最后進(jìn)行盤臺樣機的功能驗證試驗。經(jīng)過試驗發(fā)現(xiàn),在給定的射頻電磁場輻射干擾期間和之后,設(shè)備的功能完好,滿足性能準(zhǔn)則A的要求。盤臺樣機通過了該項試驗。
7 結(jié)語
通過對核電廠控制室盤臺射頻電磁場輻射抗擾度試驗,試驗方法滿足RG1.180中關(guān)于該試驗的要求。盤臺樣機在試驗期間和之后都能滿足要求的功能,沒有性能下降的情況。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] U.S.NRC Regulatory Guide 1.180,Revision 1,“Guidelines for Evaluating Electromagnetic and Radio-Frequency Interface in Safety-Related. Instrumentation and Control Systems,” U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, October 2003.
[2] IEC 61000-4-3. “Electromagnetic compatibility(EMC)-Part 4-3:Testing and measurement techniques Radiated,radio-frequency,electrostatic field immunity test,” International Electrotechnical Committee, 1995.
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一、商品流通企業(yè)庫存商品管理中出入庫與盤點管理的存在的問題
1.崗位人員配置不足,人員更換頻繁。商品流通企業(yè)庫存管理崗位一般是按公司發(fā)展業(yè)務(wù)要求來確定的,但隨著分店的建設(shè)及貨物淡旺季的產(chǎn)生,出現(xiàn)貨物收發(fā)與盤點貨物量不斷增加,再加上日常管理長期處于緊張狀態(tài),商品庫存管理往往出現(xiàn)人員離辭職現(xiàn)象緊急,特別是一些商品流通企業(yè)的倉儲人員自動離職現(xiàn)象多,人員崗位保管物資的交接存在嚴(yán)重問題。有的企業(yè)出現(xiàn)人員離職不交接,不盤點,直接由新人頂上就行,從而使得倉儲管理越來越混亂,最終引發(fā)大問題才引起領(lǐng)導(dǎo)重視??傮w來說商品流通企業(yè)倉儲人員工資低、人員不穩(wěn)定,人員更換頻繁現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重。特別是超市、百貨公司、便利店等企業(yè)由于長期倉儲人員處于緊張工作狀態(tài),身心易疲勞,于是人員更換更是頻繁。
2.系統(tǒng)軟件運用不成熟,系統(tǒng)與實物差異較多。作為系統(tǒng)管理軟件,百貨、超市、便利店及其它商品流通企業(yè)主要運用的是物流軟件、DRP分銷軟件、其它企業(yè)資源管理軟件,其軟件總體功能就是實現(xiàn)信息化商品庫存管理,然而這一些軟件運用是有一定企業(yè)背景的,需要一定流程找尋,每一家企業(yè)有自己的特色和工作流程,按道理需要定做該系統(tǒng),但廣大中小商品流動企業(yè)沒有資金實力去再購買開發(fā)適合自己企業(yè)的軟件,只是運用的通用版,這就往往使得企業(yè)庫存管理軟件運用不能與企業(yè)自身相結(jié)合,出現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)與實物差異較多,往往是受軟件功能影響和人員自身問題,再加上工作量的問題而造成的。
3.出入庫標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不統(tǒng)一,價格變化快、難于靜態(tài)盤點。商品流通企業(yè)的出入庫標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不統(tǒng)一,一些規(guī)模型和規(guī)范型企業(yè)有自己的出入庫管理人員,一些企業(yè)采用倉庫員自行收發(fā)貨,有的企業(yè)又是財務(wù)部派專人進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)出入庫,不同企業(yè)的出入庫標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不統(tǒng)一,往往受企業(yè)的物流、采購、運輸、門店需求不一致而影響的出入庫無法標(biāo)準(zhǔn)統(tǒng)一,另外,還受入庫質(zhì)量檢驗的影響,退貨和退庫的影響,最終使得出入庫標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不統(tǒng)一,也難統(tǒng)一。更重要的是價格問題,如采用先進(jìn)先出的價格變化,先進(jìn)貨的未入庫,而出庫提取價格不準(zhǔn)確,讓企業(yè)頭痛。與此相對于的是就是日盤點和月盤點難以實現(xiàn)靜態(tài)盤點,都是動態(tài)盤點,從而使得盤點不準(zhǔn)確,出現(xiàn)遺漏或相關(guān)問題較多。這是因為商貿(mào)流通企業(yè)沒有整體放假概念,多為輪休制度,因此,倉儲部門長年累月處于動態(tài)運作狀態(tài)。
4.盤點人手不足,對賬和查賬時間不夠。日盤點和月盤點人手不足是商品流通企業(yè)的最大問題,比如企業(yè)要求每天日盤點,一個倉儲人員管理上千個品種和規(guī)格,其要在當(dāng)天下午或晚上2-5個小時內(nèi)全部盤點完成是不可能的事情,財務(wù)部也不可能天天派人盤點。因此,倉儲部門采用根據(jù)發(fā)貨盤點和近期變化量大庫存的日盤點這成為主流盤點方式,而一些企業(yè)做得懶的就是周盤點或半月盤點,但其效果不如日盤點效果好。盤點關(guān)鍵的問題是每天盤點完成后對錯誤的清查、對賬、查賬時間不夠,主要表現(xiàn)在沒有多余電腦查賬和對賬,缺少時間來查對賬等。
二、商品流通企業(yè)庫存商品管理出入庫存與盤點管理問題的解決建議
1.合理配置崗位人員,加強人員崗位交接。作為商品流通企業(yè)要加強倉儲崗位人員配置,特別是要注意旺季和增開分門店或營業(yè)網(wǎng)點時,倉儲人員必須及時配置,而往往倉儲部門人員配置滯后,從而造成問題較多,從而引發(fā)崗位人員自動離辭職現(xiàn)象多,因此,在企業(yè)發(fā)生自動離職人員多的倉儲部門時,一定存在重大問題,需要引起重視,全面解決其人員工作分配和人員不足的問題。另外,對離職和辭職、自動離職人員的工作要進(jìn)行交接,應(yīng)建議誰管理誰負(fù)責(zé),并建立自動離職人員上級主管負(fù)責(zé)制,否則倉儲部門將出現(xiàn)貨物丟失、被偷盜或出現(xiàn)其它嚴(yán)重?fù)p失現(xiàn)象。各崗位人員工作要有效接,無交接不得上崗,而一些企業(yè)頭痛醫(yī)頭,腳痛醫(yī)腳的毛病不改,長期使得崗位無交接,倉儲管理問題多是特別多見的現(xiàn)象。
2.實現(xiàn)以系統(tǒng)為主,定期和不定期檢查實物及出庫記錄。作為商品流通企業(yè)要以信息化軟件系統(tǒng)為準(zhǔn),通過系統(tǒng)自查和抽查、檢查庫存和對賬、查賬,一些企業(yè)將手工賬作為檢查的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),系統(tǒng)賬存為輔助賬的現(xiàn)象仍然存在,因此,企業(yè)需要改變這一觀念,實現(xiàn)工作重心轉(zhuǎn)換這才是良方。最終要以系統(tǒng)為準(zhǔn),出庫記錄為準(zhǔn),實現(xiàn)定期和不定期檢查實現(xiàn)與出庫記錄,達(dá)到賬實相符才是關(guān)鍵。